Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (commonly abbreviated AI) is the process of thought, or thought-like actions, within (or emanating from) machines, electronics, appliances and/or other computing devices.

Meaning

Artificial

"Any event, occurrence, relationship or entity in a given environment which is caused or produced by an intervention or external factor introduced by a party from outside of the given environment's natural ecosystem"

SYNONYMS: Not real, man-made, synthetic, manufactured, generated, unnatural, imitation, simulated

Intelligence

"A capability of autonomously combining, differentiating, learning, planning and foreseeing, with the aim to reach a predefined goal."

SYNONYMS: IQ, aptitude, brainpower, brains, cleverness, comprehension, discernment, intellect, judgment, mentality, mind, perception, perspicacity, savvy, sense, skill, smarts, understanding, wit

Bots

The typical "prototype" or demonstration of the capabilities of a form of AI is a "Chat Bot" (commonly known as Bots) which could answer questions either spoken or typed in a natural "stream-of-thought" form of 2-way interactive conversation. Of course, this is just one type of AI, and one which is quite difficult to get right in order to avoid side-splitting hilarious responses without the use of many prepared/canned statements to commonly used "AI-stumping" questions such as: "what is the meaning of life", "is the universe finite or infinite", "how many dimensions are there", etc. Those type of questions typically either crash primitive systems exposing holes in logic or causing infinite computational logic loops, or, on the other hand, expose the programmer/creator/content-authors' biases in the responses.

• wikipedia: Internet bot
• Internet Bot - technical definition: http://www.techopedia.com/definition/24063/internet-bot

Chatbot

A Chat Robot (commonly summarized as Chatbot) is a computer program that simulates 2-way human conversation (i.e. chat) for purposes such as question answering, information lookups, task completion, order taking, entertainment, education or research. A successful Chatbot should approach realization of at least some of the promises of Artificial Intelligence. Chatbots are often utilized in applications such as E-Commerce sales, Customer Service & Self-Service, Call Centers & Internet Gaming. Typically, a chatbot will communicate with a real person, but applications are being developed in which two chatbots can actually communicate with each other (though somewhat rarer in present-day applications, future applications could include B2B negotiations & automated-transactions, harmony of nodes/devices/robots operating within ubiquitous networks, automated financial investing decisions, and more.

• wikipedia: Chatterbot
• How Chatbots Can Help Your Business: http://www.livechatinc.com/blog/chatbots-for-business/

Question Answering systems

• wikipedia: Question answering
• PoolParty -- Semantic Graph DB - building "Question Answering" systems: https://www.poolparty.biz/question-answering | DOCS | DEMO

Intelligent Agent

An "Intelligent Agent" (sometimes abbreviated as "IA", also referred to as a "Virtual/Digital Assistant"), is similar to a Chatbot in that it can be used to answer questions or carry out tasks, but it is not supplemented by human-human interaction like a Chatbot, and, is more generalized to answer all types of queries, than the typically specialized, far narrower focus of a Chatbot. Examples from companies trying to offer this type of service (though with varying levels of sophistication/capabilities):

1. Amazon - Alexa
2. Apple - Siri
3. Google - Google Assistant (formerly "NOW / Ok, Google")
4. Microsoft - Cortana
5. Nuance - Dragon
6. Samsung - Bixby

• wikipedia: Intelligent agent

Risks of AI & Unchecked Technology

The risks of unchecked AI and other technology range from dangerous systems that risk human life or cause excessive errors, to, the anihilation of the human race in an apocalyptic "AI/Robots .vs. Humanity" scenario.

Deep Fakes

• Deep Fakes: https://github.com/aerophile/awesome-deepfakes | SRC

Singularity

Singularity is the concept that eventually Artificial Intelligence will exceed human intelligence, resulting in the creation of self-aware and potentially sentient beings.

• Gaming the Robot Revolution -- A military technology expert weighs in on Terminator Salvation: http://www.slate.com/id/2218834/

Researchers

Warwick

Kevin Warwick advocates a human-machine hybrid (merger) when the singular comes, as he claims it inevitably will. His research is focused on enhanacing human senses and motor-skills through integration of mechanised hardware components.

• Professor Kevin Warwick homepage: http://www.kevinwarwick.com/
• wikipedia: Kevin Warwick
• Kevin Warwick, "I, Cyborg": http://www.kevinwarwick.com/ICyborg.htm
• Staff Profile -- Professor Kevin Warwick: http://www.rdg.ac.uk/sse/about/Staff/k-warwick.aspx

de Garis

Hugo de Garis claims humanity should build godlike massively intelligent machines later this century, and believes that a war between those who support the development of intelligent machines and those who are against the development of intelligent machines will inevitably occur before the end of the 21st century.

• Staff Profile -- Professor Hugo de Garis: http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/
• wikipedia: Hugo de Garis
• Feature Film by de Garis: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1079797626827646234&q=%22building+gods%22&pl=true

Moravec

Hans Moravec proposes using transhumanism to enable humans to surpass the capability of both regular (non transhumans) and regular (non-biological) machines.

• wikipedia: Hans Moravec
• "Hello, HAL" NYtimes article debating his ideas: http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/03/reviews/990103.03mcginnt.html?_r=1
• Robot Predictions Evolution: http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/robot.papers/2004/Predictions.html
• When will computer hardware match the human brain?: http://www.transhumanist.com/volume1/moravec.htm

Asimov

Isaac Asimov authored the Robot# Three Laws which attempted to ensure a favourable view of humans within the spectrum of AI in robotics. Human life, through ambiguity of other life forms, would be valued above all other beings, including robots and in fact any AI sentient machines themselves.

Tools

Deep Blue

• wikipedia: Deep Blue (chess computer)
• IBM's Deep Blue: http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/

Watson

• wikipedia: Watson (artificial intelligence software)
• IBM's Watson Research Center: http://www.watson.ibm.com/
• Watson Innovation: http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/

Deep Mind

• wikipedia: DeepMind

Google Home

• Google Home: http://madeby.google.com/home/

Google Voice Search

• Google Voice Search: https://www.google.com/intl/en-419/insidesearch/features/voicesearch/
• Use "OK Google" voice searches & actions: https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/2940021?co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid&hl=en
• Google voice search - faster and more accurate: https://ai.googleblog.com/2015/09/google-voice-search-faster-and-more.html

Google Assistant

• Google Assistant: https://assistant.google.com/intl/en_ca/ | ANDROID APP - Google Play store
• The future of the Google Assistant -- Helping you get things done to give you time back: https://blog.google/products/assistant/io18/

Google Duplex

• Google Duplex: https://support.google.com/business/answer/7690269
• Google Duplex -- An AI System for Accomplishing Real-World Tasks Over the Phone: https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/05/duplex-ai-system-for-natural-conversation.html
• Google WaveNet: https://deepmind.com/blog/wavenet-generative-model-raw-audio/ (a foundational technology for Google Duplex project)

OpenAI

• OpenAI project: https://openai.com/ | BLOG
• OpenAI -- DALL·E 2: https://labs.openai.com/ | DOCS (AI system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language)

GPT-3

• SRC | DEMO
• OpenAI API: https://openai.com/blog/openai-api/

GitHub Copilot

• GitHub Copilot: https://copilot.github.com/

GPT-Neo

• EleutherAI group: https://www.eleuther.ai/ (aiming to build a completely OSS "language model" alternative to OpenAI's "GPT-3")

Resources

• The State of Machine Intelligence (INFOGRAPHIC): http://www.shivonzilis.com/machineintelligence
• Facebook Research group: http://github.com/facebookresearch (GitHub account for FB internal projects which have been made public)
• AI Class: http://www.ai-class.com/ (offered by Stanford University - Dept. of Computer Science, Fall 2011)
• AI Class - Study Group (Reddit): http://www.reddit.com/r/aiclass
• 302 Semantic Web Videos and Podcasts!: http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/302-semantic-web-videos-and-podcasts/
• Decision Mathematics Problems: http://www.examsolutions.net/maths-revision/syllabuses/Edexcel/period-1/D1/module.php
• I made an OpenAI-powered Linux shell that does what you mean: https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/mtjpt4/i_made_an_openaipowered_linux_shell_that_does/
• Business Value of AI (2021): https://content.dataiku.com/business-value-guide-for-ai/business-value-guide

Tutorials

• Building Jarvis: https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-jarvis/10154361492931634
• The Building Blocks of Your First Bot: https://dzone.com/articles/the-building-blocks-of-your-first-bot-1 (list of libs & APIs/Web Services for human-like real-time question answering)
• Artificial Intelligence, XML, and Java Concurrency: http://java.dzone.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-xml
• Demystifying AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning: https://dzone.com/articles/demystifying-ai-machine-learning-and-deep-learning
• Creating a State Machine using PHP: https://medium.com/cook-php/creating-a-state-machine-using-php-ddef9395430e

External Links

• wikipedia: Artificial Intelligence
• wikipedia: Philosophy of artificial intelligence
• wikipedia: Laws of Robotics
• wikipedia: Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (aka. ALICE Bot)
• TEDxSoMa - Damon Horowitz on Why Machines Need Humans (01/22/2010): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YdE-D_lSgI
• Joe Rogan’s Standup, Philosophy And Perspective On Life Is Incredibly Awesome And Deserves A Post Of It’s Own: http://cavemancircus.com/2010/12/06/joe-rogans-standup-philosophy-and-perspective-on-life-is-incredibly-awesome-and-deserves-a-post-of-its-own/
• What is Artificial Intelligence?: https://blog.codeship.com/what-is-artificial-intelligence/
• TR10 - Intelligent Software Assistant: http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=specialsections&sc=tr10&id=22117
• The 10 Emerging Technologies of 2009: http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22110/?a=f
• Human-like robot creates creepy self-portraits: https://www.livescience.com/robot-artist-self-portraits.html
• IBM's Watson - supercharged search engine or prototype robot overlord?: http://www.kurzweilai.net/watson-supercharged-search-engine-or-prototype-robot-overlord
• Toyota devises automated in-car system to prevent drunk driving: http://www.japantoday.com/category/technology/view/toyota-devises-system-to-prevent-drunk-driving
• Magnetic hybrid motorbike unveiled in Japan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hs4GXH5Q3Rk&feature=related
• Google’s Self-Driving Car Spotted On The Highway Almost A Year Ago (Oh, And Scoble): http://techcrunch.com/2010/10/09/google-car-video/
• Google expects public in driverless cars in 2 to 5 years: http://www.japantoday.com/category/technology/view/google-expects-public-in-driverless-cars-in-2-to-5-years
• Siri’s Inventors Are Building a Radical New AI That Does Anything You Ask: http://www.wired.com/2014/08/viv/
• Siri and Her Girls - Why So Many Robot Helpers Are Ladies: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/10/siri-and-her-girls-why-so-many-robot-helpers-are-ladies/246661/
• Siri - The Perfect Robot for Our Time: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/10/siri-the-perfect-robot-for-our-time/246516/

• Creating Friendly AI 1.0 - The Analysis and Design of Benevolent Goal Architectures: http://singinst.org/upload/CFAI.html#movie
• Robot Oppression - Unethicality of the Three Laws: http://www.asimovlaws.com/articles/archives/2004/07/robot_oppressio_1.html
• Why We Need Friendly AI: http://www.asimovlaws.com/articles/archives/2004/07/why_we_need_fri_1.html
• Stephen Hawking - ‘Artificial Intelligence Could Spell The End Of The Human Race’: http://ca.news.yahoo.com/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-could-150024478.html
• Elon Musk -- "With artificial intelligence we are summoning the demon": http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/10/24/elon-musk-with-artificial-intelligence-we-are-summoning-the-demon/
• 'Building AI is like launching a rocket' -- Meet the man fighting to stop artificial intelliegence destroying humanity: http://www.zdnet.com/article/building-advanced-ai-is-like-launching-a-rocket-meet-the-man-fighting-to-stop-artificial/
• Artificial Intelligence Poses A Greater Risk To IP Than Humans Do: https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/31/artificial-intelligence-poses-a-greater-risk-to-ip-than-humans-do/
• Society needs the Artificial Intelligence Data Protection Act now: https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/15/society-needs-the-artificial-intelligence-data-protection-act-now/

• How Tech Companies Are Shaping the Rules Governing AI: https://www.wired.com/story/how-tech-companies-shaping-rules-governing-ai/
• EU poised to impose rules, fines governing AI usage: https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/eu-poised-to-impose-rules-fines-governing-ai-usage
• The Future of Life Institute (FLI) -- Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence - an Open Letter: http://futureoflife.org/misc/open_letter (signed by Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk of Tesla/SpaceX, Jaan Tallinn of Skype)
• Bill Gates working on new Microsoft 'Personal Agent' technology: http://www.zdnet.com/article/bill-gates-working-on-new-microsoft-personal-agent-technology/
• IBM’s Watson Turns Japanese and Moves Into Robots: http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/bits/2015/02/10/watson-turns-japanese-and-turns-to-robots/
• Google's DeepMind artificial intelligence aces Atari gaming challenge: http://www.zdnet.com/article/googles-deepmind-artificial-intelligence-aces-atari-gaming-challenge/
• How a Toronto professor’s research revolutionized artificial intelligence: http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/04/17/how-a-toronto-professors-research-revolutionized-artificial-intelligence.html
• Tesla (claims it has) resolves driverless car liability argument with one tweak: http://www.zdnet.com/article/tesla-resolves-driverless-car-liability-argument-with-one-tweak/
• Ginni Rommety, the CEO of IBM just made a bold prediction about the future of artificial intelligence: http://www.businessinsider.com/ginni-rometty-on-ibm-watson-and-ai-2015-5 (she said if she has it her way every human in an important role i.e. Political Leaders, Military Leaders, Judges, Lawyers, Doctors, Police, Financial Advisors, etc... would all have to consult Ibm Watson or similar AI computer system before making a decision in the future)
• Connected cars expected to be a $1B business for AT&T in 2015: http://www.zdnet.com/article/connected-cars-expected-to-be-a-1b-business-for-at-t-in-2015/
• I, Marketer -- How Machine Learning Robots Will Replace Human Marketers: http://bostinno.streetwise.co/channels/machine-learning-marketing/
• Why Google’s Self-Driving Bubble Cars Might Catch On: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/537556/why-googles-self-driving-bubble-cars-might-catch-on/
• Talking robots take control of Kinshasa's traffic problems: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xauw5VYUSuc
• Killer Robots and the Laws of Man - Who’s to blame for mission malfunction?: http://www.themarknews.com/2015/05/28/killer-robots-and-the-laws-of-man-whos-to-blame-for-mission-malfunction/
• How AI & Machine learning will revolutionize the marketing industry: http://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2015/06/02/machine-learning-how-ai-will-revolutionise-marketing-industry
• Hawking, Musk and Wozniak call for ban on offensive AI weapons: http://www.zdnet.com/article/hawking-musk-and-wozniak-call-for-ban-on-offensive-ai-weapons/
• These Ads Use Artificial Intelligence To Evolve Over Time: http://www.techtimes.com/articles/71405/20150723/ads-use-artificial-intelligence-evolve-over-time.htm
• Why your brand will soon need an Artificial Intelligence strategy: http://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2015/08/10/why-your-brand-will-soon-need-artificial-intelligence-strategy
• PREDICTION - Driving Your Car Will Soon Be Illegal (by 2030, an increasingly possible outcome): http://techcrunch.com/2015/08/11/driving-your-car-will-soon-be-illegal/
• Because Of Uber, Self-Driving Cars Will Be Everywhere -- And Soon: http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/257252/because-of-uber-self-driving-cars-will-be-everywh.html
• Abe rides around Tokyo in self-driving vehicles: http://www.japantoday.com/smartphone/view/politics/abe-rides-around-tokyo-in-self-driving-vehicles
• Mycroft - Open Source AI For all hits Kickstarter (gets funded quickly): http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/09/mycroft-open-source-ai-for-all-hits.html
• Could AI pose a threat to humans?: http://www.thatsnonsense.com/ai-pose-threat-humans/
• Where to Begin in This AI Revolution?: http://dzone.com/articles/where-to-begin-in-this-ai-revolution
• The fraudulent claims made by IBM about Watson and AI - Not "Cognitive Computing" just advanced Machine Learning and Data Wrangling: http://www.rogerschank.com/fraudulent-claims-made-by-IBM-about-Watson-and-AI
• The Bot Problem is Getting Worse and Nike Has the Only Answer (So Far): http://www.highsnobiety.com/2016/04/27/sneaker-bots-how-do-they-work/
• The biggest threat to Artificial Intelligence - Human stupidity!?: http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-biggest-threat-to-artificial-intelligence-human-stupidity/
• Artificial Intelligence Is About to Conquer Poker, But Not Without Human Help: http://www.wired.com/2017/01/ai-conquer-poker-not-without-human-help/
• What People Would Do While In A Self-Driving Car: http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/294921/what-people-would-do-while-in-a-self-driving-car.html (read, phone, work, watch tv/movies, eat, gaming, sleep, sex, prayer, gambling, exercise, drink liquor, online dating, take drugs)
• Large scale neurosimulation: http://drwho.virtadpt.net/archive/2012/12/09/large-scale-neurosimulation
• Facebook AI Robots Shut Down – What Actually Happened?: https://www.rankred.com/facebook-ai-robots-shut-down-what-actually-happened/
• How to Ensure AI Doesn't Make Your Customers Hate You: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/308815/how-to-ensure-ai-doesnt-make-your-customers-hate.html
• A Team of MIT Scientists Taught an AI to Get Emotional Over Movies: http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/ai-emotional-arcs-mit-mckinsey-1202635570/
• Amazon Is the Latest Tech Giant to Pursue Custom Silicon with "AI on a Chip": https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/02/12/amazoncom-is-the-latest-tech-giant-to-pursue-custo.aspx
• No big deal, Boston Dynamics’ Atlas can perform backflips now: https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16667376/boston-dynamics-atlas-backflip-video-watch
• Boston Dynamics’ robots are learning how to run outside and navigate autonomously: https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/5/10/17341400/boston-dynamics-atlas-spotmini-robots-videos-autonomous-navigation
• This Man Is the Godfather the AI Community Wants to Forget: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-05-15/google-amazon-and-facebook-owe-j-rgen-schmidhuber-a-fortune
• When Bots Teach Themselves to Cheat: https://www.wired.com/story/when-bots-teach-themselves-to-cheat/
• NTT Data plans to develop AI-backed diagnosis service globally: https://japantoday.com/category/tech/ntt-data-plans-to-develop-ai-backed-diagnosis-service-globally?
• Video Worries AI Can Fix: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/320728/video-worries-ai-can-fix.html
• This AI-generated Joe Rogan fake audio voice has to be heard to be believed: https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18629024/joe-rogan-ai-fake-voice-clone-deepfake-dessa

* 'AI Bar' Uses Facial Recognition To See Who's Next In Line: https://youtu.be/v8AH8CcH63Q

• Pactera White Paper Reveals 85 percent of AI Projects Ultimately Fail : https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pactera-white-paper-reveals-85-percent-of-ai-projects-ultimately-fail-300871826.html
• TEDx Talk -- Joy Buolamwini - How I'm fighting bias in algorithms: https://www.ted.com/talks/joy_buolamwini_how_i_m_fighting_bias_in_algorithms
• White House proposes "Principles for AI Regulation": https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-proposes-principles-for-ai-regulation-11578450371
• IBM & Microsoft To Work With Vatican On AI Ethics: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51673296
• The Dark Secret at the Heart of AI: https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai
• Watch This Driverless Waymo Taxi Block Traffic, Then Go on the Run: https://www.reviewgeek.com/83137/waymo-selfdriving-taxi-blocks-traffic-video-funny/
• AI-bank of the future - Can banks meet the AI challenge?: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/ai-bank-of-the-future-can-banks-meet-the-ai-challenge
• Cassie the bipedal robot runs a 5K: https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/27/cassie-the-bipedal-robot-runs-a-5
• The new Roomba uses AI to avoid smearing dog poop all over your house: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/09/tech/roomba-ai-avoids-dog-poop/index.html
• What Could You Use Tesla Bot For?: https://pointersgonewild.com/2022/01/08/whats-could-you-use-tesla-bot-for/
• How A.I. Conquered Poker: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/magazine/ai-technology-poker.html (good poker players have always known that they need to maintain a balance between bluffing & playing it straight... now they can do so perfectly with software's help)
• Who gets to decide if an AI is alive?: https://thenextweb.com/news/who-gets-decide-if-ai-is-alive
• Curious about automated reasoning: https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2022/03/curious-about-automated-reasoning.html
• Israeli bee tech startup Beewise pulls in $80m investment for robotic beehives: https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-bee-tech-startup-beewise-pulls-in-80m-investment-for-robotic-beehives/
• Ai-Da, the Robot Artist Powered by AI, Is Heading to Venice for a Show During the Biennale—and She’s Bringing Her New Painting Arm: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ai-da-robot-venice-biennale-2092643
• Researchers Develop a ‘Bear-Dar’ (recognition system) That Warns Humans of Approaching Polar Bears: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/researchers-are-developing-bear-dar-that-warns-humans-approaching-polar-bears-180979953/
• Simple electrical circuit learns on its own—with no help from a computer: https://www.science.org/content/article/simple-electrical-circuit-learns-its-own-no-help-computer
• Watch artificial intelligence predict Conan O'Brien's gestures just from the sound of his voice: https://www.science.org/content/article/watch-artificial-intelligence-predict-conan-o-brien-s-gestures-just-sound-his-voice
• AI Trained on 4Chan Becomes ‘Hate Speech Machine’: https://www.vice.com/en/article/7k8zwx/ai-trained-on-4chan-becomes-hate-speech-machine
• Is LaMDA Sentient? — an Interview: https://cajundiscordian.medium.com/is-lamda-sentient-an-interview-ea64d916d917 (Google engineer claims yes)
• A chess robot in Moscow has broken the finger of its human opponent: https://newsbeezer.com/czechrepubliceng/a-chess-robot-in-moscow-has-broken-the-finger-of-its-human-opponent/

See Also

Semantic Web | Web 4.0 | Machine Learning| Recommendation Engine | Search Engine | Rule Engine | Robot | Phishing | Spam | STT/TTS | NLP | GraphDB | LOD | BI | Analytics | Biometrics | Surveillance | A11Y