Accessibility

Accessibility (commonly abbreviated as A11Y, also refered to as universal support) is the support for disabled or otherwise impaired persons.

Specifications

WCAG

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (commonly abbreviated WCAG) is part of a series of accessibility guidelines, including the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) and the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG).

                                           WCAG 1.0   |   WCAG 2.0

importance of the content	A	AA	AAA	A	AA	AAA
(closed) captions	X	X	X	X*	X	X
(closed) audio description	X	X	X	X*	X	X
full text alternative				X*		X
sign language						X

1. A = Priority 1, Web developers must satisfy these requirements, otherwise it will be impossible for one or more groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as A.
2. AA = Priority 2, Web developers should satisfy these requirements, otherwise some groups will find it difficult to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as AA or Double-A.
3. AAA = Priority 3, Web developers may satisfy these requirements, in order to make it easier for some groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as AAA or Triple-A.

• Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0: https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/

POUR principles

In addition to the specific multimedia accessibility techniques, WCAG defines defines four key principles of accessibility:

1. Perceivable - Information can be presented in different ways; for example, in braille, different text sizes, text-to-speech, or symbols, etc.
2. Operable - Functionality can be used in different modalities; for example, keyboard, mouse, sip-and-puff, speech input, touch, etc.
3. Understandable - Information and functionality is understandable; for example consistent navigation, simple language, etc.
4. Robust - Content can be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of browsers, media players, and assistive technologies.

There are currently two stable versions of WCAG that are both supported by W3C:

WCAG 2.0 was published in December 2008, and has become widely adopted as the standard for web accessibility by many businesses and governments around the world. It defines 12 Guidelines under the four POUR principles. Under each Guideline there are more specific Success Criteria divided into three Conformance Levels: A, AA, and AAA. WCAG 2.0 defines 61 Success Criteria.

WCAG 2.1 was published in June 2018, to better address accessibility for people with cognitive and learning disabilities, people with low vision, and people with disabilities using mobile devices. WCAG 2.1 is fully backward compatible with WCAG 2.0, so that if your content conforms to WCAG 2.1 it also conforms to WCAG 2.0. WCAG 2.1 defines 13 Guidelines and 78 Success Criteria.

• W3C -- WCAG - guide to the standards: https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.2: https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/ | WCAG 2.1 | WCAG 2.0 | WCAG 1.0
• WCAG 2.2 -- working draft: https://www.w3.org/blog/2020/08/wcag22-wide-review/
• WCAG 2.0 Techniques that Apply to Mobile: https://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/mobile-a11y-tf/MobileTechniques/
• WCAG 2.0 Mobile Accessibility -- How WCAG 2.0 and Other W3C/WAI Guidelines Apply to Mobile: https://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-accessibility-mapping/ | EXAMPLE - 3.2 Touch Target Size & Spacing
• W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.x "Conformance logos": https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/conformance-logos/
• How to Meet WCAG (Quick Reference): https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/

• W3C Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 3.0: https://www.w3.org/TR/2021/WD-wcag-3.0-20210121/

WAI

Web Accessibility Initiative (commonly abbreviated WCAG).

• Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/
• WAI - Carousel concepts: https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/carousels/

ARIA

• WAI intro: http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria
• WAI-ARIA 1.0 primer: http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-primer/
• Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) In Simple Terms: http://www.evengrounds.com/articles/accessible-rich-internet-applications-in-simple-terms
• Developer Guide to Accessbility: http://websiteaccessibility.donaldevans.com/category/accessibility/

ARIA Landmarks Example: https://w3c.github.io/aria-practices/examples/landmarks/index.html

ATAG

• Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) Overview: https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/atag/

UAAG

• User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) overview: https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/uaag/

Kiosks

• Kiosk Manufacturers Association (KMA) -- Kiosk ADA Checklist – 14 Point Checklist For Accessible Self-Service: https://kma.global/kiosk-ada-checklist-14-point-checklist-for-accessible-self-service/

a11y

Wordpress as of v4.3.x offers Accessibility prompts via JavaScript to communicate with Screen Reader software (where available natively in the client's browser or via Plugin). Simply

wp.a11y.speak('YOUR TEXT TO BE SPOKEN HERE'); 

• a11y
• The Accessibility (a11y) Project: https://www.a11yproject.com/ (aside from tons of great blogs/tutorials/resources, a nice visual explaining the 11 characters between "A" and "Y" of the word AccessibilitY)

• Node.JS - A11Y library: http://github.com/addyosmani/a11y

AAM

• Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.2: https://w3c.github.io/core-aam/

ACC Name

• Accessible Name and Description Computation 1.2: https://w3c.github.io/accname/

Section 508

United States government initiative towards Accessibility for IT.

• Section508: http://www.section508.gov/
• Section508 Compliance For Accessibile Web Design: http://www.accessible.org/section-508-compliance.html
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/web/508/

Diversity & Inclusion

Concerns "Accessible employment" and workplace inclusivity (equal participation & opportunities).

• Diversity & Inclusion (D&I) - Maturity Model: https://diversity.hrtechgroup.com/maturity-model1
• Accessible Employers: https://accessibleemployers.ca (business leaders working towards accessible employment... movement started in BC)

Information Architecture

• Information Architecture Basics: https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/information-architecture.html

Content Strategy

• Content Strategy basics: https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/content-strategy.html
• Creating Accessible Content for People Who Use Eye-Tracking Devices: https://www.boia.org/blog/creating-accessible-content-for-people-who-use-eye-tracking-devices
• Content Strategy and UX -- A Modern Love Story: http://uxmag.com/articles/content-strategy-and-ux-a-modern-love-story

Accessibility Auditors

There are three "tiers" or types of 3rd-party Accessibility providers:

1. Tier 1 - scan & overlay (no "preventive" coverage against lawsuits) $2-5k USD
2. Tier 2 - hybrid, scan & overlay with wait & see approach (partial coverage) $6-12k USD
3. Tier 3 - full legal coverage (guaranteed compliance & insurance coverage options against lawsuits) $12-25k USD

Over 10000 cases/year go to court, almost 100% go to court, average of over $20000 USD awarded to plaintiffs.

Desktop Technology-specific A11Y

PDF accessibility

• PDF File 508 Checklist (WCAG 2.0 Refresh): https://www.hhs.gov/web/section-508/making-files-accessible/checklist/pdf/index.html

PPT accessiblity

• PowerPoint Accessibility guide: https://webaim.org/techniques/powerpoint/
• Microsoft -- Accessible PowerPoint template sampler: https://templates.office.com/en-us/accessible-powerpoint-template-sampler-tm16401472

Email accessibility

Here are a few tips to help you send accessible emails:

• Provide a clear, brief, and informative subject line
• Choose a font style that is easy to read in at least 12-14 point font
• Use spaces to break up paragraphs
• Use plain text and avoid using lots of special characters and symbols
• Avoid flashing or flickering content (think: gifs in your email signature

Web Technology-specific A11Y

HTML accessibility

• HTML Semantic Structure for Accessibility: https://webaim.org/techniques/

CSS accessibility

• Accessible CSS: https://webaim.org/techniques/css/
• WebAIM -- CSS in Action - Invisible Content Just for Screen Reader Users: https://webaim.org/techniques/css/invisiblecontent/

JS accessibility

• Accessible Javascript: https://webaim.org/techniques/javascript/

Special A11Y concerns

Visual

• Visual Design & Colour Accessibility: https://www.webcredible.com/blog/visual-design-and-colour-accessibility/

Motion preferences

A number of people may suffer from permanent/chronic, temporary/resolvable or situational/environmental issues around motion, flicker and related content changes. These could be triggered through:

• content animations
• moving, growing or shrinking pictures/text
• strobing effects
• sudden color changes
• screen transitions

Vestibular disorders and those who can become triggered into seizures are the major health concern here, but there are also simply those who do not like such "special effects" (or for whom it makes the content harder to read/understand or makes them dizzy, confused or otherwise uncomfortable); so we should respect their preferences and offer them an experience without such effects. The current way to communicate a preference not to be shown animations and related effects is the CSS3 ""

• Understanding Success Criterion 2.3.3 -- Animation from Interactions: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Understanding/animation-from-interactions.html
• Designing With Reduced Motion For Motion Sensitivities: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2020/09/design-reduced-motion-sensitivities/

Contrast

Text & Images must have sufficient contrast between one another and their respective containers/backgrounds.

• Microsoft Edge -- High Contrast Explainer: https://github.com/MicrosoftEdge/MSEdgeExplainers/blob/main/Accessibility/HighContrast/explainer.md
• Windows 10 -- High-contrast mode: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/w8cookbook/high-contrast-mode

Screen Reader

• WebAIM -- Designing for Screen Reader compatibility: https://webaim.org/techniques/screenreader/ (similar considerations for all types of apps Desktop/Mobile/Web, but approaches slightly different depending on platform)

• Using JAWS to Evaluate Web Accessibility: https://webaim.org/articles/jaws/
• How to Test Your Website’s Accessibility With JAWS: https://dzone.com/articles/test-website-accessibility-jaws

Keyboard navigation

Keyboard Accessibility defines the ability to use a standard or custom (i.e. Braille, RSI positioned keys, etc) keyboard input device rather than any other HCI peripheral device (such as mouse, stylus, finger/touch, voice, etc) to interact with a given Website, WebApp, Desktop App or Mobile App.

When verifying "Keyboard Accessibility" you should check that:

1. 'Tab to all - users can tab to all the active elements including links, form fields, buttons, and a media player control.
2. Tab away - users can tab away from (out of) all elements that can be tabbed into.
3. Tab order - the tab order follows the logical reading order according to the language on the page.
4. Visual focus - the focus is clearly visible as users tab through the elements, and users can tell if navigating away to another application or tab upon returning, precisely which element has focus at any point in time.
5. Functionality - users can do everything with the keyboard. That is you don't need to use a mouse to activate actions options, visible changes, and other functionality.
6. Drop-downs - after users tab to a drop-down list using the arrow keys to move through the options without triggering another action.
7. Image links - when images are links they have clear & visible focus and they can be activated using the keyboard.

The following table shows some common keyboard shortcuts and keymap conventions:

Interaction	Keystrokes
Navigate to most elements	Tab Shift + Tab - navigate backward
Link	Enter
Button	Enter or Spacebar
Checkbox	Spacebar - check/uncheck a checkbox
Radio buttons	↑/↓ or ←/→ - select an option Tab - move to the next element
Select (dropdown) menu	↑/↓ - navigate between menu options Spacebar - expand
Autocomplete	Type to begin filtering ↑/↓ - navigate to an option Enter - select an option
Dialog	Esc - close
Slider	↑/↓ or ←/→ - increase or decrease slider value Home/End - beginning or end
Menu bar	↑/↓ - Previous/next menu option Enter - expand the menu (optional) and select an option. ←/→ - expand/collapse submenu
Tab panel	Tab - once to navigate into the group of tabs and once to navigate out of the group of tabs ↑/↓ or ←/→ - previous/next tab.
'Tree' menu	↑/↓ - Navigate Previous/next menu option ←/→ - expand/collapse submenu, move up/down one level
Scroll	↑/↓ - scroll vertically ←/→ - scroll horizontally Spacebar/Shift + Spacebar - scroll by page

• WebAIM - Keyboard Accessibility: https://webaim.org/techniques/keyboard/

• How to navigate Windows using a Keyboard only: https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000791.htm

Mobile technology-specific A11Y approaches

• Mobile Accessibility -- How WCAG 2.0 and Other W3C/WAI Guidelines Apply to Mobile: https://w3c.github.io/Mobile-A11y-TF-Note/
• Which WCAG Success Criteria Apply to Mobile Accessibility?: https://www.boia.org/blog/which-wcag-success-criteria-apply-to-mobile-accessibility
• The Mobile Disability Gap Report 2021: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/the-mobile-disability-gap-report-2021/

Apple (iOS)

• Apple -- iOS - How to use a pointer device with AssistiveTouch on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210546

Google (Android)

• Google - Android accessibility overview: https://support.google.com/accessibility/android/answer/6006564?hl=en

Touch Target

Minimum sizes for interactive areas are needed to prevent an inability to trigger required events or operate controls in the desired manner (aka. "Fat Fingering"). Most "Mobile design guidelines" encourage practices to prevent any issues here such as 32px padding on either side of any button or link, and use of labels tied to input fields within forms that cause the correct corresponding field to become in focus.

Accessibility Overlays

"Accessibility Overlays" are bolt-on solutions that attempt to "embed" accessibility features and options into an inaccessible or incompletely accessible website or mobile app with many or a specific few unfixed access barriers of certain types. While these can be slightly better than doing nothing, they are no substitute for building a fully accessible experience and often fall far short of primary accessibility and risk (lawsuit exposure, customer churn) reduction goals. Studies have shown that it is always better to "bake accessibility in" from the beginning.

The following issues aren't fully covered by Overlays (and can sometimes be worsened or made more confusing by having the extra layer):

1. Unlabeled/mislabeled form fields
2. Zoom disabled
3. Minimum width
4. Use of layout tables
5. Ambiguous anchor text links
6. Images of text
7. Focus order
8. Alt text
9. Consistent identification
10. Keyboard only usage
11. Error prevention
12. Error suggestions
13. Keyboard traps
14. Incorrect heading structure
15. Missing links
16. No input change
17. Parsing
18. Misidentified language
19. Closed captions
20. Locked display orientation

• A11Y Overlays -- fact sheet: https://overlayfactsheet.com (summarizes the downsides and very few minor upsides of A11Y Overlays)

A11Y Lawsuits

1. Winn-Dixie grocery: https://www.forbes.com/sites/legalnewsline/2017/06/13/first-of-its-kind-trial-goes-plaintiffs-way-winn-dixie-must-update-website-for-the-blind/?sh=a3b943f1b38a
2. McDonald's self-serve kiosks: https://www.wsj.com/articles/mcdonalds-starts-making-self-service-easier-for-blind-diners-11631900280
3. Harvard & MIT Universities: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/04/08/mit-and-harvard-fail-get-out-video-captioning-court-case
4. UC Berkley on textbooks: https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/dra-v-uc-berkeley-a-win-win-with-structured-negotiation/
5. CVS Pharmacy: https://icharts.net/ada-compliance/
6. Amazon: https://www.classaction.org/media/bishop-v-amazon-com-inc.pdf
7. Netflix: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1092&context=historical
8. Fox News: https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/836448-fox-news-website-not-accessible-blind-class-action-says/
9. Nike: https://www.accessiblemetrics.com/blog/4-key-takeaways-from-2018-web-accessibility-lawsuits/
10. Burger King: https://www.classaction.org/media/mendizabal-v-burger-king-corporation.pdf
11. Five Guys': https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/485124-five-guys-class-action-says-website-not-accessible-blind-users/
12. Domino's: https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Dominos-Ruling.pdf
13. Winn-Dixie: https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Winn-Dixie-ADA-verdict-.pdf
14. Blue Apron: https://www.levelaccess.com/new-hampshire-court-denies-blue-aprons-motion-dismiss-digital-accessibility-suit/
15. Conair/CuisinArt: https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20201217g35
16. Amtrak: https://www.ada.gov/amtrak_sa.html
17. HCA hospitals: https://www.fredlaw.com/news__media/2017/01/18/1427/healthcare_sector_is_newest_target_for_website_accessibility_lawsuits/
18. Hulu: https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/hulu-agrees-to-caption-100-percent-of-english-and-spanish-videos/
19. eBay: https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/earll-v-ebay-is-a-website-a-place-of-public-accommodation/
20. Bank of America: https://www.lflegal.com/2015/06/bofa-travel-agreement/
21. FedEx: https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/fedex-ground-sued-by-eeoc-nad-for-ada-violation/
22. Hobby Lobby: https://lovata.com/blog/ada-website-compliance-lawsuits-recent-and-high-profile.html
23. Bank of America (first major bank sued, all the way back in 2000): https://thefinancialbrand.com/27448/could-your-banking-website-be-the-target-of-a-lawsuit/
24. Hard Rock Casino & Gulf Coast restaurant chains: https://www.sunherald.com/news/local/counties/harrison-county/article141331553.html
25. NY city MTA: https://www.6sqft.com/judge-rules-that-an-accessibility-lawsuit-against-the-mta-in-queens-can-move-forward/
26. Robinhood (stock trading platform): https://www.fredlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Website-Accessibility-Complaint-Sanchez-v-Robinhood-SDNY-2-3-2021.pdf
27. American Airlines: https://www.paddleyourownkanoo.com/2021/07/24/man-sues-american-airlines-because-its-website-discriminates-against-blind-people/ ($40 million)
28. ViacomCBS: https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/fcc-slaps-viacomcbs-3-5m-fine-over-pluto-tv-closed-captions ($3.5 million)
29. Fox News: https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/fox-news-website-not-accessible-blind-class-action-says/
30. WWE: https://heelbynature.com/wrestling-news/wwe-news/wwe-settles-lawsuit-for-violation-of-americans-with-disabilities-act/ (settled out of court)
31. Dell: https://regmedia.co.uk/2021/03/04/giannaros_vs_dell_complaint.pdf
32. Apple: https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/08/20/apple-sued-over-claims-website-is-inaccessible-to-visually-impaired-users
33. Uber: https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/District_Of_Columbia_District_Court/1--17-cv-01272/EQUAL_RIGHTS_CENTER_v._UBER_TECHNOLOGIES_INC._et_al/55/
34. NBA: https://buckleyfirm.com/uploads/1082/doc/Complaint_for_Permanent_Injunction,_Jahoda_v_NBA.pdf
35. eHarmony: https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/8982926/West_v_eHarmony,_Inc
36. Rolex: https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/23729995/Thorne_v_Rolex_Watch_USA,_Inc
37. Beyonce's music promotion website: https://www.impactbnd.com/blog/is-your-website-ada-compliant-what-beyonces-website-accessibility-lawsuit-taught-us

• 2021 Year End Report - App & Web Accessibility Lawsuits Break Records: https://blog.usablenet.com/2021-lawsuit-report-trends-and-findings

Accessibility Testing

See also: Accessibility Testing

• How to Automate Web Accessibility Testing: https://medium.com/@f3igao/how-to-automate-web-accessibility-testing-921512bdd4bf
• The importance of Accessibility Testing for websites: https://stage-red.exadel.com/news/the-importance-of-accessibility-testing-for-websites/
• Testing with speech recognition: https://www.tpgi.com/testing-with-speech-recognition/
• Mobile Accessibility 102 -- Mobile Web Techniques (May 2017): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkdWNNZUXg4
• Applitools - Accessibility Testing automation (WEBINAR): http://testautomation.applitools.com/post/167301574987/webinar-recording-automating-accessibility
• An Introduction To Accessibility Testing: https://saucelabs.com/blog/an-introduction-to-accessibility-testing
• Bureau of Internet Accessibility (BOIA): https://www.boia.org/ | EXAMPLE (free scanner and enterprise-grade annual "Manual A11Y Testing" retainer services by their team of testers with actual disabilities, government-certified and assured against lawsuits)

Tools

• Accessibility Insights - A11Y checker tool: https://accessibilityinsights.io
• Deque - Axe: https://www.deque.com/axe/
• Cynthia Says™ -- Compliance Sheriff® portal: http://www.cynthiasays.com/
• WAVE - web-based site accessibility evaluation tool: http://
• Google Play store — Accessibility Scanner (ANDROID APP): https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.accessibility.auditor&hl=en_US&e=-EnableAppDetailsPageRedesign
• Google Lighthouse: https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/ (successor to the basic Chrome Dev Tools extension)
• Chrome Accessibility inspector: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/accessibility-developer-t/fpkknkljclfencbdbgkenhalefipecmb?hl=en (F12 Dev Tools add-on)
• Chrome extension -- WAVE: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wave-evaluation-tool/jbbplnpkjmmeebjpijfedlgcdilocofh
• A11Y - Color Contrast Accessibility Validator: https://color.a11y.com/
• ColorHunt: https://colorhunt.co/ (color palette of A11Y-compatible & visually appealing color combinations)
• A11y Command-line Tools: https://addyosmani.com/a11y/ | SRC | DEMO (pairs with "Chrome Accessibility inspector" extension)

• Pa11y: http://pa11y.org | SRC (tool that loads web pages & highlights any accessibility issues it finds with WCAG/WAI-ARIA/s508)
• tota11y -- accessibility visualization toolkit: https://khan.github.io/tota11y/#Installation (from Khan Academy's dev team)
• Koa11y: https://open-indy.github.io/Koa11y/

• Web Accessibility Checker: https://achecker.ca/checker/index.php
• WebsiteComply: https://websitecomply.com/#webcomply (WCAG 2.0 AAA compliancy validator)
• Automated Accessibility Testing Tool (AATT): https://github.com/paypal/AATT
• Contrast Checker (manual): https://contrastchecker.com/
• Web Accessibility In Mind (WebAIM) -- color contrast checker: http://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
• Apple -- VoiceOver screen reader: https://www.apple.com/accessibility/mac/vision/
• Microsoft -- Accessibility Insights for Web: https://accessibilityinsights.io/docs/en/web/overview/
• Improve accessibility with the (Microsoft Office365) Accessibility Checker: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/improve-accessibility-with-the-accessibility-checker-a16f6de0-2f39-4a2b-8bd8-5ad801426c7f#picktab=windows
• Colorblind Web Page Filter: https://www.toptal.com/designers/colorfilter
• Material Design -- Color Tool: https://material.io/tools/color/#!/?view.left=1&vie<>w.right=0&primary.color=FFD54F
• Web Accessibility Toolbar (WAT) for IE 9-11: https://developer.paciellogroup.com/resources/wat/

Screen Readers

• Job Access With Speech (JAWS): http://www.freedomscientific.com/jaws-hq.asp (leading TTS screen reader tool to help users with Accessibility needs for reading and/or visual disabilities) | DOWNLOAD (WINDOWS)
• NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA): http://www.nvda-project.org/ (WINDOWS) | Add-ons: Focus highlight | Speech History | DevToolkit (for Devs with A11Y needs) | CrashHero | Numpad Nav | Bluetooth Audio | Calibre eBooks | ReadFeeds | Outlook extended | VLC MediaPlayer | ZoomVideoconferencing

Browse and focus modes: https://www.accessibility-developer-guide.com/knowledge/screen-readers/desktop/browse-focus-modes/

• Windows 10 Accessibility tools -- Complete guide to Narrator: https://support.microsoft.com/en-ca/help/22798/windows-10-complete-guide-to-narrator
• WindowsEyes: http://www.gwmicro.com/Window-Eyes/ (commercial/expensive, WINDOWS only)
• VoiceOver: http://www.apple.com/accessibility/voiceover/ (MAC)
• Orca: http://projects.gnome.org/orca/ (for Gnome on Unix/Linux)
• FireVox: http://firevox.clcworld.net/downloads.html (FF plugin, cross-platform)
• Fangs: http://www.standards-schmandards.com/projects/fangs/ (FF plugin, cross-platform... Developer testing tool only, which shows "scripts" of what Screen Reader would read)

Voice Control

• Nuance -- Dragon - Naturally Speaking: https://www.nuance.com/dragon.html

Resources

• Digital Accessibility Rights Evaluation Index (DARE Index): https://www.g3ict.org/digital-accessibility-rights-evaluation-index/
• wikipedia: Global Accessibility Awareness Day (GAAD)

• wikipedia: United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities
• wikipedia: Marrakesh VIP Treaty (Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities; signed by 63+ countries giving "copyright exceptions" for creating "accessible versions of copyrighted works" such as Transcripts, ClosedCaptions, Braille, Sub-Titles, Dubbed Audio Translations, Audio Transcriptions of non-audio for those with sight disabiities, etc)
• International Labour Organization (ILO) -- An inclusive digital economy for people with disabilities: https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/disability-and-work/WCMS_769852/lang--en/index.htm
• United Nations (UN) - Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD): https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html (Article 9 of the CPRD obligates its 182 States Parties to ensure that information and communication technologies, which support everything digital, are made accessible)
• World Health Organization (WHO) - World report on disability: https://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report/en/ (~15% of the world's population lives with some form of disability, of whom 2-4% experience significant difficulties in functioning)
• EU - Accessibility requirements for ICTproducts and services: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:66602,855949&cs=1EDAD9D32175767F919BCC673EA996CFD | PDF (replaces prior EU Mandate 376)

• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): https://www.ada.gov/
• Japan’s Digital Accessibility Laws - an overview: https://www.boia.org/blog/japans-digital-accessibility-laws-an-overview
• The Accessible Canada Act -- Making an accessible Canada for persons with disabilities: https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/accessible-people-disabilities.html
• Canada's Digital Charter - Trust in a digital world: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/062.nsf/eng/h_00108.html

• Accessibility Services Canada: https://accessibilitycanada.ca/ | ACA | AODA | AMA | NS
• Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) act: https://www.aoda.ca/the-act/
• BC Accessibility legislation plain language summary: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/about-the-bc-government/accessibility/legislation/summary
• Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB): https://www.cnib.ca/
• AODA regulations -- #14 - Accessible Websites & Web Content: https://www.aoda.ca/integrated/#awawc

• WCAG 2.1 checklist: https://romeo.elsevier.com/accessibility_checklist/
• Deque A11Y checklist (with WCAG details): https://accessibility.deque.com/site-a11y-checklist/
• UserFirst -- Digital Accessibility Checklist: https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/5261881/Digital Accessibility Checklist.pdf
• Section508 checklist: http://webaim.org/standards/508/checklist
• Training Accessibility Guidelines (TAG) -- WCAG level check (self-evaluation questionnaire): http://www.cansomebodyhelpme.com/tag/
• The #NoMouse Challenge: http://nomouse.org/ (by UCSD A11Y Lab)
• UK HomeOffice - Designing for Accessibility: https://ukhomeoffice.github.io/accessibility-posters/ | POSTERS
• DISABILITY EQUALITY INDEX® (DEI®) 7th Annual / 2021 Benchmark: https://www.disabilityequalityindex.org/DEISurvey/Annual_DEI_Questions.pdf
• BOIA - Mobile A11Y checklist: https://www.boia.org/definitive-checklist-for-mobile-accessibility
• US Access Board -- Guidelines & Standards: https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards
• A11Y Wars -- The Accessibility Interpretation Problem: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1L9OYaP052j2uxVu-8IXGxzwQsHdx8G6YKrxpHo7BZ_w/edit#heading=h.fgok7u6ftau1
• Roadmap for Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA Roadmap): http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-roadmap/
• A11Y Project: https://a11yproject.com/
• A11Y support test reference: https://a11ysupport.io/ (website with references of proper A11Y controls for testing Device/OS/Browser A11Y support)
• Accessibility Tree spec: https://wicg.github.io/aom/accessibility-tree
• Funka: https://www.funka.com/en/ (organization that analyses, develops and educates companies and groups in accessibility)
• IBM -- Accessibility Building and Learning Environment (ABLE) - Equal Access toolkit: https://www.ibm.com/able/ | Chrome ext.

• The "Accessible Icon" project: https://accessibleicon.org (International Symbol for Accessibility)
• Accessibility drawings by Mr. Azari Mat Yasir: https://imgur.com/gallery/B7TeVkd
• Accessibility Maze game: https://de.ryerson.ca/wa/maze.html

• The Great "Accessibility Blogs/influencers" Roundup: https://www.digitala11y.com/accessibility-blogs/
• HTML DOM alt Property: http://w3schools.com/htmldom/prop_img_alt.asp
• DropDown DEUX: http://blakehaswell.com/lab/dropdown/deux/ (accessible dropdown example)
• Screen Reader survey: http://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey2/#demographics
• W3C -- EdX eLearning - Introduction to Web Accessibility: https://www.edx.org/course/web-accessibility-introduction

• Google - Web Accessibility (E-Learning) course: https://www.udacity.com/course/web-accessibility--ud891
• Google's excellent showcase E-Commerce website example: https://shop.polymer-project.org/ (implemented in WebComponents/Polymer)
• W3C guide to developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization: https://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview
• Better Web Browsing - Tips for Customizing Your Computer: https://www.w3.org/WAI/users/browsing.php
• How to use the keyboard (TAB) to navigate on Safari: https://www.tempertemper.net/blog/how-to-use-the-keyboard-to-navigate-on-safari
• Universal Design for Science -- Best for All: https://www.perkinselearning.org/accessible-science/blog/universal-design-science-best-all (7 principles: Equitable, Flexible, Simple/intuitive, Perceptible, Error tolerant, Low physical effort, Appropriate Size/Space)
• Do's & Don'ts on designing for Accessibility (A11Y posters for various disabilities): https://accessibility.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/02/dos-and-donts-on-designing-for-accessibility/
• WebAIM's WCAG 2.0 Checklist for HTML documents: http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist
• Techniques for WCAG 2.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/Overview.html
• HTML and XHTML Techniques for WCAG 2.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/html.html
• Making Content Usable for People with Cognitive and Learning Disabilities: https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/
• Inclusive Design Principles: https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org
• Checklist for Creating Accessible Videos: https://www.boia.org/blog/checklist-for-creating-accessible-videos
• Top 5 Ways to Make Podcasts Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/top-5-ways-to-make-podcasts-accessible
• Xbox Accessibility Guidelines (XAG) 2.0: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/gaming/accessibility
• Simply Accessible (example WCAG-friendly search results, forms, etc): http://simplyaccessible.org/
• Accessibility Inspector: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Accessibility_inspector (added to FF DevTools in 2018)
• Survey of Users with "Low Vision" Results: https://webaim.org/projects/lowvisionsurvey/
• WebAIM - Auditory Disabilities: https://webaim.org/articles/auditory/
• A11Y Academy -- Digital Accessibility courses: PDF Accessibility | Accessibility Best Practices | Mobile Accessibility
• A11Y rules podcast: https://a11yrules.com/

• Google - Accessibility Talks: https://www.youtube.com/c/accessibilitytalks
• Android - Accessibility features: https://www.android.com/accessibility/

• Mozilla - Accessibility: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility | BLOG

• Microsoft Inclusive Design: https://www.microsoft.com/design/inclusive/

• Apple -- Mac/iOS - Accessibility for Developers: https://developer.apple.com/accessibility/

• SmashingMagazine -- A Smashing Guide to Accessibility: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/guides/accessibility/
• BOIA - Developing the Accessibility Mindset: https://boia.docsend.com/view/qeyc45swqknu7caq
• IAAP - State of Digital Accessibility report (2020): https://learn.levelaccess.com/webmail/487581/521071591/2ebeeff922b32d7016bed1b7765c8e3d59f3cf563bf88f4bcec0915d3fcd9f94 | PDF
• Smashing TV -- Harris Schneiderman on Translating Design Wireframes into Accessible HTML/CSS(Nov 20th): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gFSru8yGaU&t=3627s
• eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y: https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y | SRC
• "No JavaScript UI" lib: https://github.com/nzakas/nui (experimental but nice PoC on 5kb library for dynamic Tabs, ARIA controls, etc)
• Deque University -- Accessibility for Designers - curriculum package ($100USD): https://dequeuniversity.com/curriculum/packages/designers

• The business case for accessibility: https://www.deque.com/blog/the-business-case-for-accessibility/
• The ROI of Digital Accessibility (A11Y) initiatives: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKirvsm4KGM
• How to Convince your Boss to Care About Accessibility: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfhBwSwVEzc
• Business Case for Digital Accessibility: https://www.essentialaccessibility.com/infographic/BusinessCaseForAccessibility_Infographic.pdf
• The Real Cost of Accessibility Complaints and Litigation (SLIDES): https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1x8gt5qahAmew6lRekKXmDWFlRnGJN8QNrvbLJXkkV44/edit#slide=id.p1 | VIDEO

Tutorials

• Launching a Sustainable Accessibility Program (WEBINAR): https://www.tpgi.com/on-demand-webinar-launching-a-sustainable-accessibility-program/ | VIDEO
• How To Do an Accessibility Review: https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/accessibility/how-to-review
• Deque - Accessibility Testing with the NVDA Screenreader: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx1vSd5uYS8

• Why Keyboard Traps Are One of the Most Frustrating Accessibility Issues: https://www.boia.org/blog/why-keyboard-traps-are-one-of-the-most-frustrating-accessibility-issues
• How to Use Reader View in Your Desktop Browser: https://www.groovypost.com/howto/use-reader-view-desktop-browser/ (covers Chrome, Edge, FireFox, Opera, Vivaldi)
• How to Use Safari’s Reader View Automatically on iOS and macOS: https://www.groovypost.com/howto/use-safari-reader-view-automatically-ios-macos/

• EggHead - Start Building Accessible Web Applications Today: https://egghead.io/courses/start-building-accessible-web-applications-today
• EggHead - ARIA Accessible icon buttons: https://egghead.io/lessons/aria-accessible-icon-buttons

• Constructing a POUR Website: https://webaim.org/articles/pour/ (Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust)
• A Short Guide to Screen Reader Friendly Code: https://medium.com/hackernoon/a-short-guide-to-screen-reader-friendly-code-9ccf31b7e36a
• Understanding the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG
• How to Review Your Website to Meet Ontario’s Accessibility Laws (AODA): http://www.eyelight.com/article/how-to-review-your-website-to-meet-ontarios-accessibility-laws-aoda

• Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design with User-Centered Design (UCD): uiaccess.com/accessucd/background.html#ucd

• A Complete Guide To Accessible Front-End Components: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/03/complete-guide-accessible-front-end-components/
• Inclusive Components: https://inclusive-components.design/#components
• Practical ARIA examples: https://web.archive.org/web/20190421050718/http://heydonworks.com/practical_aria_examples/
• Examples of "Accessibility patterns": https://www.accessibility-developer-guide.com/examples/
• Deque -- Building Accessible Components (WEBINAR): https://accessibility.deque.com/building-accessible-components-thank-you
• How to Make Accessible Web Components — a Brief Guide: https://www.sitepoint.com/accessible-web-components/

• How Can I Make Breadcrumbs Accessible for People with Disabilities?: https://www.boia.org/blog/how-can-i-make-breadcrumbs-accessible-for-people-with-disabilities
• How to Provide Accessible Form Error Identification: https://www.levelaccess.com/how-to-provide-accessible-error-identification/
• Building a fully-accessible help tooltip (...is harder than I thought): https://www.sarasoueidan.com/blog/accessible-tooltips/ | DEMO
• JavaScript & Accessibility (A11Y) - Accordions: https://www.a11ywithlindsey.com/blog/javascript-accessibility-accordions

• Making AJAX Work with Screen Readers: http://juicystudio.com/article/making-ajax-work-with-screen-readers.php

• Accessible Forms using WCAG 2.0: http://www.usability.com.au/resources/wcag2/
• Accessible Forms: http://www.jimthatcher.com/webcourse8.htm
• Make Your ARIA Labels Sing on Key: https://knowbility.org/blog/2019/ARIA-labels/
• Accessibility Basics -- Testing Your Page For Color Blindness: https://css-tricks.com/accessibility-basics-testing-your-page-for-color-blindness/
• Monitoring Web Accessibility Compliance With Pa11y Dashboard: https://www.lullabot.com/articles/monitoring-web-accessibility-compliance-with-pa11y-dashboard
• Accessibility Dashboard – Pa11y Dashboard: https://surfthedream.com.au/writing/accessibility-dashboard-pa11y-dashboard/
• Setting up An Accessibility Dashboard from Scratch with Pa11y: https://una.im/pa11y-dash/
• Creating Accessible Frames and IFrames: https://webaim.org/techniques/frames/
• Use Valid Markup to Prevent Possible Accessibility Issues: https://dequeuniversity.com/tips/use-valid-markup

• Accessible SVGs: https://css-tricks.com/accessible-svgs/
• Design Considerations -- Text on Images: https://css-tricks.com/design-considerations-text-images/
• Writing good text alternatives: https://www.ryerson.ca/websupport/seo-accessibility/alternative-text/
• Designing for all users — why you should care about color-blindness: https://medium.com/@courtneyjordan/designing-for-all-users-why-you-should-care-about-color-blindness-beabd61943eb
• The complete guide for how to marry text & images in your designs: https://www.canva.com/learn/how-to-marry-text-and-images/
• How To Build Accessible Tables: https://www.boia.org/blog/how-to-build-accessible-tables
• Tables, CSS Display Properties, and ARIA: http://adrianroselli.com/2018/02/tables-css-display-properties-and-aria.html

• Cross-Browser Tabindex Woes: https://www.alexlande.com/articles/cross-browser-tabindex-woes/
• tabindex, Keyboard Focus and Some ARIA features in Screen Readers: http://accessibleculture.org/articles/2010/05/tabindex/
• Using the tabindex attribute: https://developer.paciellogroup.com/blog/2014/08/using-the-tabindex-attribute/
• Using tabindex: https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/accessibility/focus/using-tabindex
• What's the tabindex=“-1” in bootstrap for: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32911355/whats-the-tabindex-1-in-bootstrap-for
• WAI-ARIA support on iOS: http://www.iheni.com/wai-aria-support-on-ios/
• tabindex, Keyboard Focus and Some ARIA in Screen Readers: http://accessibleculture.org/articles/2010/05/tabindex/
• 7 Ways To Make Your Web Application More Accessible: https://codeburst.io/seven-ways-to-make-your-web-app-more-accessible-411a8c716fcb

Don't disable outline, master it instead!: https://websightly.net/en/tutorial/dont-disable-outline-master-it-instead/

• When To Use The Button Element: https://css-tricks.com/use-button-element/
• Responsive Template Accessibility Features: https://www.ryerson.ca/websupport/seo-accessibility/responsive-template-accessibility-features/
• How accessibility trees inform assistive tech: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/06/how-accessibility-trees-inform-assistive-tech/
• Semantics to Screen Readers: https://alistapart.com/article/semantics-to-screen-readers/

• How to Automatically Add Captions to Instagram Stories: https://www.howtogeek.com/726962/how-to-automatically-add-captions-to-instagram-stories/
• Accessible Custom Select Dropdowns: https://www.webaxe.org/accessible-custom-select-dropdowns/
• There’s More to Web Accessibility Than Alt Text: Part 1 - Color Contrast | Part 2 - Captioning | Part 3 - Alternative Text

• Web Accessibility Guidelines v1.0 Foundations - Dialogs: http://web-accessibility.carnegiemuseums.org/code/dialogs/
• MozDev -- WAI-ARIA roles - Using the dialog role: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/ARIA_Techniques/Using_the_dialog_role
• The Incredible Accessible Modal Window, Version 3: https://web.archive.org/web/20150423111326/http://accessibility.oit.ncsu.edu/blog/2015/02/13/the-incredible-accessible-modal-window-version-3 | DEMO | SRC
• W3C - Acessible Modal dialog guidelines: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices/#alertdialog | DEMO
• Considerations for Styling a Modal: https://css-tricks.com/considerations-styling-modal/
• How To Make Modal Windows Better For Everyone: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/09/making-modal-windows-better-for-everyone/
• The current state of modal dialog accessibility: https://developer.paciellogroup.com/blog/2018/06/the-current-state-of-modal-dialog-accessibility/

• The Myth of Inaccessible React: https://www.mediacurrent.com/blog/myth-inaccessible-react
• Explorations in the Virtual DOM - How React.js Impacts Accessibility: https://marcysutton.github.io/react-a11y-presentation/

• Checklist for Creating Accessible Videos: https://www.boia.org/blog/checklist-for-creating-accessible-videos
• Longtail Video - Making Video Accessible: https://web.archive.org/web/20110605160852/http://www.longtailvideo.com/support/jw-player/22/making-video-accessible

• Building apps for everyone -- discover why inclusivity & accessibility truly matter: https://medium.com/googleplaydev/building-apps-for-everyone-inclusivity-accessibility-matter-624500334afc
• How To Make Live Chat Accessible: https://www.maxability.co.in/2018/11/11/how-to-make-live-chat-accessible/
• Unfocus (JS lib to provide an "accessible way of removing :focus outline on click"): https://github.com/nuclei/unfocus | SRC
• How To Make Your Email Signature Screen Reader Friendly: https://www.moreycreative.com/blog/accessible-email-signature
• Yale University -- Usability & Web Accessibility - Links section: https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/articles/links

External Links

• wikipedia: Accessibility
• wikipedia: Computer accessibility
• wikipedia: Accessibility apps
• wikipedia: Assistive technology
• wikipedia: Screen readers
• wikipedia: List of screen readers
• wikipedia: Web accessibility
• wikipedia: Disability in Canada
• wikipedia: List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index (Canada's provinces ranked by HDI)
• wikipedia: Tactile_paving
• All The Same Mini-Documentary on "Digital Accessibility" and the "Digital Divide": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0epofm5AK8U (see related YouTube series/playlist)
• The Evolution Of Assistive Technologies: https://www.irwinmitchell.com/design-for-life-timeline.html
• A short history of the audiobook, 20 years after the first portable digital audio device: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/a-short-history-of-the-audiobook-20-years-after-the-first-portable-digital-audio-device
• The web we broke: https://ethanmarcotte.com/wrote/the-web-we-broke/
• Make your Outlook email accessible to people with disabilities: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/make-your-outlook-email-accessible-to-people-with-disabilities-71ce71f4-7b15-4b7a-a2e3-cf91721bbacb
• WCAG Samurai's errata for "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0": https://web.archive.org/web/20130113063317/http://www.wcagsamurai.org/erratas/introduction/
• Getting to the Heart of Digital Accessibility: https://alistapart.com/article/getting-to-the-heart-of-digital-accessibility/
• Electronic Curb Cuts Have Benefits for All: https://learn.org/articles/Electronic_Curb_Cuts_Have_Benefits_for_All.html
• Why we should default to Tabs instead of Spaces for an 'accessible first' development environment: https://dev.to/alexandersandberg/why-we-should-default-to-tabs-instead-of-spaces-for-an-accessible-first-environment-101f
• Why Headings Aren't Simply Style Elements: https://www.boia.org/blog/why-headings-arent-simply-style-elements
• NCAM -- Tools & Guidelines: http://ncam.wgbh.org/invent_build/web_multimedia/tools-guidelines

• Accessible Drop-Down Menus: http://learningtheworld.eu/2008/accessible-drop-down-menus/
• Let’s Focus on (accessible) Slide-Out Navigation: https://knowbility.org/blog/2020/accessible-slide-menus/

• Accessible Web Page Design (from the University of Minnesota): http://cap.umn.edu/demo/
• CSS Solution to ALT Text and Image Blocking: http://www.campaignmonitor.com/blog/archives/2006/07/a_css_solution.html
• Alt Attributes — Describing Your Images for Better Web Accessibility: http://webdesign.about.com/od/beginningtutorials/a/aa122004.htm
• Image blocking, alt tags and why CSS rules: http://www.campaignmonitor.com/blog/2006/12/image_blocking_alt_tags_and_wh.html
• Flash wmode considered harmful: http://freear.org.uk/node/22
• Accessible custom focus indicators: https://uxdesign.cc/accessible-custom-focus-indicators-da4768d1fb7b
• CSS3 box-shadow: https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/b/box-shadow/
• Open Source Screen Readers?: http://blindconfidential.blogspot.com/2006/12/open-source-screen-readers.html
• Videos of screen readers using ARIA, updated: http://zomigi.com/blog/videos-of-screen-readers-using-aria-updated/
• Things the W3C Should Stop Doing: http://www.nofluffjuststuff.com/blog/alex_russell/2011/09/things_the_w3c_should_stop_doing
• An Evaluation of VoiceOver, the Macintosh Screen Reader: http://www.afb.org/afbpress/pub.asp?DocID=aw090603
• How Do Blind People Read a Web Page?: http://www.evengrounds.com/blog/how-blind-people-read-web-page
• Accessibility QA Test Case - web content with JAWS screen reader in Firefox: http://viewvc.svn.mozilla.org/vc/projects/mozilla.org/branches/cvs/access/qa/win-webcontent-jaws.html?revision=46606&view=co&pathrev=46606
• Accessibility Whack-A-Mole: http://alistapart.com/article/accessibility-whack-a-mole
• A New Home For Pa11y: http://rowanmanning.com/posts/a-new-home-for-pa11y/
• Marcy Sutton - blog of a leading Web Accessibility activist: https://marcysutton.com/
• Pinterest Just Redesigned Its App For Blind People: https://www.fastcodesign.com/90169317/pinterest-just-redesigned-its-app-for-blind-people
• Designing For Accessibility And Inclusion: https://medium.com/@smashingmag/designing-for-accessibility-and-inclusion-b3d5fac8dc87
• A Primer to Web Accessibility for Designers: https://uxplanet.org/a-primer-to-web-accessibility-for-designers-2c548448c612
• Designing for accessibility is not that hard: https://uxdesign.cc/designing-for-accessibility-is-not-that-hard-c04cc4779d94
• 4A’s Digital Horizons Series Whitepaper -- Accessibility: https://www.aaaa.org/4as-digital-horizons-series-whitepaper-accessibility/
• CNN Publishes Home Page Version For Hurricane Areas: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/326472/cnn-publishes-home-page-version-for-hurricane-area.html
• Indicating focus to improve accessibility: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/06/indicating-focus-to-improve-accessibility/
• A Call-to-Action to Make Your Calls-to-Action (CTA buttons/links) Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/a-call-to-action-to-make-your-calls-to-action-accessible
• Make sure your website’s "Help/FAQ resources" are available & Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/make-sure-your-websites-help-resources-are-available-and-accessible
• Avoid "Keyboard Traps" to make your site more Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/avoid-keyboard-traps-to-make-your-site-more-accessible

• How to check/uncheck a box with using only your keyboard?: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100424064514AAJ4DFI
• To check/uncheck a checkbox on hitting either enter or spacebar in keyboard?: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43539044/to-check-uncheck-a-checkbox-on-hitting-either-enter-or-spacebar-in-keyboard
• Tick/Untick check box/radio button/toggle button from the keyboard: https://superuser.com/questions/460933/tick-untick-check-box-radio-button-toggle-button-from-the-keyboard
• Check & Uncheck the control without using the mouse, as when we hit enter key the button control gets triggered: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30117108/check-and-uncheck-the-control-without-using-the-mouse-as-when-we-hit-enter-key-t
• NY Times blog -- Improving Article Accessibility: https://open.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/improving-article-accessibility/
• Making an accessible dialog box: https://humanwhocodes.com/blog/2013/02/12/making-an-accessible-dialog-box/
• How to use skip navigation links: https://a11yproject.com/posts/skip-nav-links/

• Introduction to web accessibility: https://humanwhocodes.com/blog/2009/11/10/introduction-to-web-accessibility/
• How People with Disabilities Use the Web: https://www.w3.org/WAI/people-use-web/
• Is There a Legal Requirement to Implement WCAG?: https://www.boia.org/blog/is-there-a-legal-requirement-to-implement-wcag
• Why Web Accessibility Is Important and How You Can Accomplish It: https://medium.com/fbdevclagos/why-web-accessibility-is-important-and-how-you-can-accomplish-it-4f59fda7859c
• Deque Workshop -- Translating Wireframes into Accessible UI: https://accessibility.deque.com/virtual-workshop-translating-design-wireframes Design Wireframes into Accessible UI-1.pdf SLIDES | SRC | EXAMPLE - poor A11Y | EXAMPLE - good A11Y

• Even High-Ranking Websites In Google Search Results Fail Visual Accessibility: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/338258/even-high-ranking-websites-in-google-search-result.html
• Hulu Makes Content More Accessible to People Who Are Blind, Have Visual Impairments: https://www.boia.org/blog/new-hulu-enhancements-make-content-more-accessible-to-people-who-are-blind-or-have-visual-impairments
• The World's Most Popular Websites Share a Commitment to Accessibility -- Here's How They Approach It: https://www.boia.org/blog/the-worlds-most-popular-websites-share-a-commitment-to-accessibility-heres-how-they-approach-it
• Brands Are Losing Billions by Not Being Digitally Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/brands-are-losing-billions-by-not-being-digitally-accessible
• Smashing TV -- Harris Schneiderman on Translating Design Wireframes into Accessible HTML/CSS (2019-11-20): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gFSru8yGaU
• Getting Started with Website Accessibility: https://medium.com/statuscode/getting-started-with-website-accessibility-5586c7febc92

• Four Easy Accessibility Resolutions for the New Year: https://www.boia.org/blog/four-easy-accessibility-resolutions-for-the-new-year
• Weaving Web Accessibility With Usability: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2020/11/weaving-web-accessibility-usability/
• Simple Usability - The cost of accessibility: https://www.simpleusability.com/inspiration/2020/01/the-cost-of-accessibility/
• Disability symbols on wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disability_symbols.png
• Understanding the Universal Symbols of Accessibility: https://accessiblecampus.ca/reference-library/symbols-of-accessibility/
• A Guide to the UK's 32 Accessibility Symbols: https://www.accessable.co.uk/access-symbols

• Accessibility for customers with impairments is at the heart of our concerns: https://stanley-robotics.com/blog/accessibility-at-the-heart-of-our-concerns/ (includes black & white chart of A11Y symbols used in the US)
• Passing My Disability On to My Children: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/07/opinion/passing-my-disability-on-to-my-children.html
• Eugenics timeline: http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/5324990e132156674b00026a
• Disabilities flipped: http://www.culturepub.fr/videos/edf-diversite/ (in this theoretical "mirror world" its shown that Disability is not about a person's abilities or impairments, it’s about the design. That is, bad design is disabling. When designs & code provide the flexibility to meet all users' needs, then they are enabling. This is often called the "social model" of disability.)

• NSC University - The Principles of Universal Design: https://projects.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/about_ud/udprinciplestext.htm
• UX Series - Universal Design and Digital Accessibility: Pt.1 | Pt.2 | Pt.3 | Pt.4 | Pt.5 | Pt.6

• Financial Literacy Statistics: https://www.financialeducatorscouncil.org/financial-literacy-statistics/
• Literacy rates – an official indicator of poverty: https://brigidhayes.wordpress.com/2020/09/21/literacy-rates-an-official-indicator-of-poverty/
• World literacy charts: https://ourworldindata.org/literacy
• Life Literacy Canada ABC - Literacy (in Canada) at a Glance: https://abclifeliteracy.ca/literacy-at-a-glance/
• What’s the latest U.S. literacy rate?: https://www.wyliecomm.com/2020/11/whats-the-latest-u-s-literacy-rate/
• Shocking Facts: 23 Statistics on Illiteracy in America: https://www.creditdonkey.com/illiteracy-in-america.html
• American Institutes for Research (AIR) - Literacy Around the World: https://www.air.org/resource/literacy-around-world
• Literacy Rate by Country 2020: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/literacy-rate-by-country
• Conference Board of Canada - Education and Skills: https://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/Provincial/Education.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
• Conference Board of Canada - Canada .vs. world on "adult literacy" rates: https://conferenceboard.ca/hcp/provincial/education/adlt-lowlit.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
• Canada's Centre for Digital & Media Literacy: https://mediasmarts.ca/digital-media-literacy

• BBC - Accessibility Champions: https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/forproducts/champions
• Using Personas as an Inclusive Design Tool: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ln1-S8G1aL4
• Gov.uk personna examples -- Ashleigh - partially sighted screenreader user : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-disabilities-and-impairments-user-profiles/ashleigh-partially-sighted-screenreader-user
• Stories of Web Users (with various A11Y needs): https://www.w3.org/WAI/people-use-web/user-stories/
• Deque -- Virtual Workshop - Translating Design Wireframes into Accessible HTML/CSS: https://accessibility.deque.com/thank-you-translating-design-wireframes
• Web Accessibility Perspectives - Compilation of 10 Topics/Videos of common disabilities and issues: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f31oufqFSM
• Cognitive Accessibility 103: https://spacedoutandsmiling.com/presentations/cognitive-accessibility-103-csun-2017
• Inclusive Design Principles -- Be Consistent: https://developer.paciellogroup.com/blog/2017/08/inclusive-design-principle-be-consistent/
• A web of anxiety -- accessibility for people with anxiety and panic disorders: https://developer.paciellogroup.com/blog/2018/08/a-web-of-anxiety-accessibility-for-people-with-anxiety-and-panic-disorders-part-1/
• How to Act and Understand Accessibility Right Now: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8zhFWHV6Bw
• How does the recent SCOTUS decision impact the accessibility legal landscape?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-W3D-_LkOjM
• How to Introduce People to Digital Accessibility - 7 Tips: https://www.boia.org/blog/how-to-introduce-people-to-digital-accessibility-7-tips
• Brands Are Losing Billions by Not Being Digitally Accessible: https://www.boia.org/blog/brands-are-losing-billions-by-not-being-digitally-accessible
• If Customer Retention Matters to Your Business, Accessibility Should Too: https://www.boia.org/blog/if-customer-retention-matters-to-your-business-accessibility-should-too
• 7 ways to make your WebApp more Accessible: https://codeburst.io/seven-ways-to-make-your-web-app-more-accessible-411a8c716fcb
• eSSENTIAL Accessibility at "Collision Toronto" (Growth Summit Stage 2019): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_CU0HACz-I
• Verizon Media To Launch "A11Y Hub" Ahead Of American With Disabilities Act 30th Anniversary: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/353830/verizon-media-to-launch-hub-ahead-of-american-with.html
• New research reveals strategies for global disability inclusion: https://www.theglobalrecruiter.com/new-research-reveals-strategies-for-global-disability-inclusion/
• Annual OCR Report, Touting Dedication to Website Accessibility, Delivered with Major Accessibility Flaws: https://www.boia.org/blog/annual-ocr-report-touting-website-accessibility-delivered-with-major-accessibility-barriers
• Diversity Data Shows Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook Fail To Deliver: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/355012/diversity-data-shows-apple-google-microsoft-fac.html
• Why W3C Calls for Accessibility Standards Harmonization (across geo-political laws) and What That Means: https://www.boia.org/blog/why-w3c-calls-for-accessibility-standards-harmonization-and-what-that-means
• Facebook issues new accessibility guidelines for VR developers: https://www.engadget.com/facebook-oculus-quest-180053872.html
• Dots is a gesture-recognition system for people with disabilities: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/11/03/dots-gesture-recognition-system-disabilities-technology/
• How we made GOV.UK more accessible: https://accessibility.blog.gov.uk/2020/12/17/how-we-made-gov-uk-more-accessible/
• VR games open new doors for people with disabilities: https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/12/15/culture/gamesWebtoons/VR-game-recovery/20201215193206600.html
• GSMA Promotes Inclusion with New Set of "Digital Accessibility Principles" for Mobile: https://mobileidworld.com/gsma-promotes-inclusion-new-set-digital-accessibility-principles-121107/
• Google develops app to help motor impaired patients 'speak' with their eyes: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-develops-app-to-help-motor-impaired-patients-speak-with-their-eyes/ (eye-gazing technology to let people select pre-written phrases to be spoken aloud)
• iPhones can now automatically recognize and label buttons and UI features for blind users: https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/03/iphones-can-now-automatically-recognize-and-label-buttons-and-ui-features-for-blind-users/
• U.S. Businesses Potentially Spent Billions on Legal Fees for Inaccessible Websites in 2020: https://www.boia.org/blog/did-u-s-businesses-spend-billions-on-legal-fees-for-inaccessible-websites-in-2020
• The National Organization on Disability Urges Companies to Act Now & Advance Workforce Disability Inclusion Practices: https://www.nod.org/the-national-organization-on-disability-urges-companies-to-act-now-advance-workforce-disability-inclusion-practices/
• Samsung makes its 2021 TVs more accessible for people with vision or hearing disabilities: https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-makes-its-2021-tvs-more-accessible-for-people-with-vision-or-hearing-disabilities/
• Facebook improves alt text photo descriptions for blind, visually impaired users: https://www.cnet.com/news/snag-a-google-nest-hub-for-just-49-at-your-local-walmart/
• This Software Lets Disabled Gamers Play Minecraft with Their Eyes: https://beebom.com/software-lets-disabled-gamers-play-minecraft-with-eyes/
• Study suggests smart assistant design improvements for deaf users: https://news.psu.edu/story/643330/2021/01/07/research/study-suggests-smart-assistant-design-improvements-deaf-users

• Ten basic accessibility facts: https://sheribyrnehaber.medium.com/ten-basic-accessibility-facts-abcaf0acfe3e
• From The Experts -- Global Digital Accessibility Developments During COVID-19 — Smashing Magazine: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2020/11/global-digital-accessibility-developments-during-covid/
• IT and Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG), Part One -- A CEO and Board Concern: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/enterprise-strategy/it-and-environmental-social-and-corporate-governance-esg-part-one-a-ceo-and-board-concern/
• IT and ESG Part Two: How IT Can and Must Further the Company’s ESG Efforts: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/enterprise-strategy/it-and-esg-part-two-how-it-can-and-must-further-the-companys-esg-efforts/
• NYC -- Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities - Open Restaurants Accessibility Requirements: https://mcusercontent.com/c9e95602d3d7209e71c920bfa/files/7d77650d-e650-4ea3-89ab-430aaf5d7196/Open_Restaurant_Accessibility.pdf (interesting info on minimum elevation and "line-of-sight" angles for ordering screens or to view cashiers, waiters/waitresses, hosts/hostesses, table heights and distances between tables, etc)
• Zoom will launch automatic closed captioning for all free accounts: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/02/25/zoom-meeting-automatic-closed-captioning-coming-free-accounts/6813037002/
• Apple Stores offering free sign language interpreter appointments: https://9to5mac.com/2021/02/25/apple-retail-store-sign-language-interpreter-appointments/
• Fingerspelling.xyz app helps people to learn the sign language alphabet: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/27/fingerspelling-xyz-app-learn-sign-language-alphabet-design/
• VMWare -- An Innovation Path to a More Accessible World - Office of the CTO Blog: https://octo.vmware.com/innovation-path-accessible-world/
• Spring Cleaning -- Keeping Content Accessible Through Periodic Checks: https://www.boia.org/blog/spring-cleaning-keeping-content-accessible-through-periodic-checks
• Microsoft and Deque make accessibility easy for millions of developers: https://www.windowscentral.com/microsoft-and-deque-make-accessibility-easy-millions-developers
• Greenstein Bill to Improve Accessibility of State Websites Advances: https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/greenstein-bill-improve-accessibility-state-websites-advances/
• Apple-friendly debugger tool "Evinced" (fully xCode compatible) helps make apps and websites accessible: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3610333/apple-friendly-debugger-helps-make-apps-and-websites-accessible.html
• Classic Typewriter (example of one of many "A11Y-driven innovation" success case): https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html
• Degree's New 'Inclusive' Is Roll-On For People With Disabilities: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/363105/degrees-new-inclusive-is-roll-on-for-people-wit.html
• Customer Service for People (personas) with Disabilities: https://www.deque.com/blog/customer-service-for-people-with-disabilities/
• Stark opens Public Library to shape ‘largest’ digital accessibility resource: https://150sec.com/stark-opens-public-library-to-shape-largest-digital-accessibility-resource/16045/
• AUS-first digital platform supporting young Aussies living with incurable movement disorder: https://www.medianet.com.au/releases/199046/
• Dashboard expands to include accessibility rankings of state vaccine websites: https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/04/06/data-visualization-dashboard-ranks-vaccine-websites/
• New Global Research Exposes Challenges Of Data Collection On Disabled Employees: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gusalexiou/2021/04/20/new-global-research-exposes-challenges-of-data-collection-on-disabled-employees/
• How Nina Oria-Loureiro Designed an "Accessible Login" experience with Voice (in AdobeXD): https://uxmag.com/articles/how-nina-oria-loureiro-designed-an-accessible-login-experience-with-voice
• Microsoft Edge - Web dev tools, A11y, and PWAs: https://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/Tabs-vs-Spaces/Microsoft-Edge-Web-dev-tools-A11y-and-PWAs
• Google’s UX Algorithm Update Will Benefit Accessible Websites: https://www.boia.org/blog/googles-ux-algorithm-update-will-benefit-accessible-websites
• Why It's Important That Apple's Software Updates Were 'Designed for People with Disabilities': https://www.boia.org/blog/why-its-important-that-apples-software-updates-were-designed-for-people-with-disabilities
• EA’s Patent Pledge will give competitors free access to accessibility technology: https://venturebeat.com/2021/08/24/eas-patent-pledge-will-give-competitors-free-access-to-accessibility-technology/
• Accessibility Will Crown the Digital Retail Kings in the New Era of E-Commerce: https://www.boia.org/blog/accessibility-will-crown-the-digital-retail-kings-in-the-new-era-of-e-commerce
• How Accessible Design Can Improve 4 Key eCommerce Metrics: https://www.boia.org/blog/how-accessible-design-can-improve-4-key-ecommerce-metrics
• Dark Mode Can Improve Text Readability — But Not for Everyone: https://www.boia.org/blog/dark-mode-can-improve-text-readability-but-not-for-everyone
• Myths & Facts About Photosensitivity and Seizures: https://www.boia.org/blog/myths-and-facts-about-photosensitivity-and-seizures
• Accessibility and Compliance -- How to Measure Digital Accessibility: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eDRLi0C6a4
• 7 Ways Cities Should Improve Their Accessibility for Disabled Citizens: https://www.rushprnews.com/2019/01/11/7-ways-cities-should-improve-their-accessibility-for-disabled-citizens/
• Ninth Circuit overturns judgment in a legal battle over the wheelchair accessibility at a Seattle baseball par: https://www.courthousenews.com/ninth-circuit-overturns-judgment-in-a-legal-battle-over-the-wheelchair-accessibility-at-a-seattle-baseball-park/
• More companies are considering hiring accessibility specialists: https://texasnewstoday.com/more-companies-are-considering-hiring-accessibility-specialists/440061/
• Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Updated to Incorporate Revised 508 Standards: https://www.access-board.gov/news/2021/09/13/federal-acquisition-regulation-far-updated-to-incorporate-revised-508-standards/
• McDonald’s Partners with Vispero to Provide Access for Blind and Low Vision Customers in US Self Order Kiosks: https://www.tpgi.com/mcdonalds-partners-with-vispero-accessible-kiosks
• 5 tips to help people with anxiety navigate your website: https://uxdesign.cc/5-tips-to-help-people-with-anxiety-navigate-your-website-e20ab4bbdb1d
• This $400 "Smart" Cane Uses Autonomous Vehicle Tech to Help Guide The Visually Impaired: https://www.sciencealert.com/this-400-cane-uses-autonomous-vehicle-tech-to-help-guide-the-visually-impaired
• Stark, a hub for accessible software design, launches a Mac app in beta: https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/28/stark-a-hub-for-accessible-software-design-launches-a-mac-app-in-beta/
• The world's largest movie theater chain is adding open captions at 240 U.S. locations: https://www.npr.org/2021/10/21/1048017853/amc-theatres-open-captioning-movie-accessibility
• New Database Helps Players Find Games With Accessibility Features: https://kotaku.com/new-database-helps-players-find-games-with-accessibilit-1847811106
• New Chromebook accessibility feature aims to help people with dyslexia: https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/googles-new-chromebook-accessibility-feature-aims-to-help-those-with-dyslexia/
• Canadian company builds a better box of chocolates using braille (to identify chocolate flavours): https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/braille-boxes-accessible-packaging-1.6296659?cmp=rss
• Bose smart glasses help me navigate as a blind person: https://www.reviewed.com/accessibility/features/bose-frames-tempo-review-great-choice-blind
• Reviewed launches new vertical dedicated to accessibility: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/reviewed/2022/01/10/reviewed-launches-new-focus-accessibility-and-aging/9134353002/
• McMaster researchers ready to reimagine workplaces for employees with disabilities: https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/mcmaster-researchers-ready-to-reimagine-workplaces-for-disabled-employees/
• Accessible Cars Aren’t Born, They’re (quite intentionally) Made: https://www.wired.com/story/accessible-car-options/
• 3D-printed DualSense attachment lets you play PS5 with one hand: https://www.engadget.com/3-d-printed-dualsense-attachment-ps-5-one-hand-accessibility-174915143.html
• Team Gleason and Comcast team up to make new TV remote for those with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): https://www.kxly.com/team-gleason-and-comcast-team-up-to-make-new-tv-remote-for-those-with-als/
• Assistive tech startup led by former NASA engineer uses an AI ‘parrot’ to help people with disabilities: https://www.geekwire.com/2022/assistive-tech-startup-led-by-former-nasa-engineer-uses-an-ai-parrot-to-help-people-with-disabilities/
• Why Americans With Disabilities Use The Internet Less Frequently: https://www.boia.org/blog/why-americans-with-disabilities-use-the-internet-less-frequently
• Time to close the disability employment gap: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/17462132/time-to-close-the-disability-employment-gap/
• Digital Accessibility Enters The Spotlight As A Business Priority: https://www.forrester.com/blogs/digital-accessibility-enters-the-spotlight-as-a-business-priority/
• Starbucks commits to a higher standard of accessibility for disabled Americans: https://www.nrn.com/quick-service/starbucks-commits-higher-standard-accessibility-disabled-americans
• Twitter tests alt text changes to make platform more accessible: https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/twitter-alt-text-image-description-accessibility-feature
• Disabled IT professionals are building access for themselves: https://www.itpro.co.uk/business-strategy/careers-training/367131/disabled-it-professionals-building-access

See Also

i18n | l10n | W3C | Web | SEO | HCI | UI/UX Design | Captions | Subtitles | Video Annotation | HTML/HTML5 | E-Learning | STT/TTS | Speech Recognition | Voice Recognition | Image Recognition | Biometrics | Sustainability