Marketing

Marketing is a form of promotion for a product or service in a specific market for a specific purpose (i.e. one or more nodes in the Trial, Awareness, Repeat cycle)

Techniques

Market Research

Market Research is a broad category of techniques used to determine the need for your product/service, a product/service's likelihood to sell, target-market demographics, and/or desirable store locations for it to be sold/offered. There are numerous ways to uncover this information, from online research to focus groups to counting customers.

wikipedia: Market research
Market Research, inc: https://www.marketresearch.com/ (leading provider of Market-focused reports/whitepapers)

Targeting

Targeting is adapting a given marketing message such as an advertisement, promotional offer (or possibly just a user interface or data set/result) for a particular user based on some criteria or metadata related to what you know about them. Targeting could be based on any number of criteria, from location (i.e LBS) to demographics such as language, income, age, culture, religion, beliefs, preferences, histories, relationships, societal identification/hierarchy, group memberships, personality classification, etc.

Geographic - Addresses, Location, Climate, Region
Demographic - Gender, age, salary, career, education (aka. "socioeconomic segmentation")
Psychographic - Attitudes, values, religion, and lifestyles
Behavioral - interests, occasions, degree of loyalty
Product-related - relationship to a product/service, "product user group" self-identification, familiarity

Targeting by Demographics has long been the de facto practice in Marketing, however new and more holistic approaches are emerging.

wikipedia: Target market^[1]
Know Your Target Market: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/202334^[2]
How to Define Your Target Market: http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/06/defining-your-target-market.html^[3]^[4]

Habit-formation

The premise of Habit-formation theories for Marketing are centered around the idea that Habit is more powerful than thought or free-will.

Cue
Routine
Reward

The belief is that it is more important to think about the repeat purchases phase, and how it occurs within the whole consumption pattern, rather than focusing on first trial of a product/service or exactly how impressive the product/service or company offering it is. The focus is simply that an advertisement or marketing message can trigger a cue, which when followed through repeatedly forms a routine that is likely to create a specific reward. Prime examples of this approach are the sudden widespread acceptance of Toothpaste (and by that matter Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing) and Deoderant (and by that matter Soap and Showering) as essential daily personal hygiene products/activities.

The Power of Habit (EBOOK): http://solucaoperfeita.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/The-Power-of-HABIT.pdf
The Power of Habit - Hopkins' Habit Loop approach: http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2012/02/an_excerpt_from_charles_duhigg_s_the_power_of_habit_.html
Scientific Advertising (EBOOK): http://www.scientific-advertising.co.uk/^[5]^[6]^[7]
Hopkins' 7 Rules for Habit formation: ^[8]
The 7 Ps of Marketing: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/70824
10 Rules for More Effective Advertising: http://americanresearchgroup.com/adrules/
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (EBOOK): http://www.depts.ttu.edu/upwardbound/books/the-7-habits-ofhighly-effective-people.pdf

JTBD

The Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) framework is an alternative way to look at customer motivations in the context of business transactions. Marketing techniques typically slots customers by attributes such as age ranges, race, marital status, and other categories that ultimately create products and entire categories too focused on what companies want to sell, rather than on what customers actually need and want to buy. JTBD is a tool for evaluating the circumstances that arise in customers’ lives leading to purchases. Customers rarely make buying decisions around what the "average" customer in their "category" may do, but they often buy things because they find themselves with a problem they would like to solve. With an understanding of the "job" for which customers find themselves "hiring" a product or service, companies can more accurately develop and market products well-tailored to what customers are already trying to do.

Building upon the JTBD concept, there are two big ways it helps us create better products:

Suggests principles and practices so we understand the context surrounding customer situations before and after they buy & use products.
After understanding a customer's Job and it's context, the framework helps us translate these understandings into marketing and product design decisions.

JTBD: http://jobstobedone.org/
Jobs-To-Be-Done Framework: https://strategyn.com/jobs-to-be-done/^[9]^[10]^[11]
Innovator Toolkit -- Technique 1 - Jobs to be Done: http://web.archive.org/web/20180313182729/http://innovatorstoolkit.com/content/technique-1-jobs-be-done^[12]
What is jobs-to-be-done approach to innovation?: https://www.quora.com/What-is-jobs-to-be-done-approach-to-innovation
Understanding the Job: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f84LymEs67Y
The "Jobs-To-Be-Done" Framework explained: https://medium.com/the-job-to-be-done/replacing-the-user-story-with-the-job-story-af7cdee10c27 (an approach to storyboarding)^[13]^[14]^[15]

The Value Plan

Service Dominant Logic (SDL) argues that VALUE is the main currency and focus of marketing, which is delivered through SERVICE. Products, while fundamentally important in the practice of marketing, are platforms for the co-creation and delivery of value through service.

Awareness
Trial
Repeat

Awareness, Trial & Repeat are the premise that lead to The Value Plan, but it is in many ways an evolution reflecting societal transformations and changes in consumer behaviour already underway in the 21st century.